Dependency mapping between program code and tests to rapidly identify error sources

ABSTRACT

An example system includes (i) a software product having a plurality of code units that accesses a database, (ii) a processor, and (iii) a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having stored thereon software tests and instructions that cause the processor to: execute the software tests on a first version of the software product; determine a first mapping between each respective software test and one or more of the code units; determine a second mapping between each respective software test and one or more data units in the database; determine that, between a second version and the first version of the software product, a particular code and data unit have changed; select, from the first and the second mappings, a set of software tests with mappings to the particular code unit or data unit; and execute the set of software tests on the second version of the software product.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser.No. 15/981,544, filed on May 16, 2018, the contents of which areentirely incorporated herein by reference, as if fully set forth in thisapplication.

BACKGROUND

Computer software products are typically tested before being released tothe public. A software product may be tested by having a software testprovide one or more inputs to the software product and observing how thesoftware product behaves. For instance, the software tests may checkthat, for each input, the software product produces a desired orexpected output. Software testing may involve unit testing (e.g.,testing of an individual software unit), integration testing (e.g.,testing of a group of software units operating together), functionaltesting (i.e., testing to determine whether specified functionalitydesired in a system works properly), system testing (e.g., testing thesoftware product in different hardware or operating systemenvironments), stress testing (i.e., testing to determine how thesoftware product behaves under unfavorable conditions), performancetesting (e.g., testing to determine how long the software product takesto perform a given operation), and/or regression testing (i.e., testingto determine whether a modification to one software unit causes othersoftware units to work incorrectly), among other possibilities. Althoughsoftware testing may be automated to some extent, running multiple testson the software product may nevertheless take a long time, therebyslowing down development of the software product.

SUMMARY

Modern software products may include large amounts of code (e.g.,millions of lines of code). In order to test such modern softwareproducts, automated software tests may be used to provide numerousinputs and verify that the software product produces expected outputsand exhibits stable behavior. Such automated software tests may oftentake the form of large test libraries that include hundreds, thousands,or even millions of software tests. Running such large test librariesagainst a software product to test its functionality may be timeconsuming and may thus slow down the software development process. Whilerunning an entire library of software tests against a software productmay be acceptable at certain milestones in the software developmentprocess, programmers often make small changes to limited portions of thesoftware product. Thus, rather than running the entire test library eachtime a portion of the software product is modified, it is beneficial toidentify a smaller subset of tests from the library that focus ontesting the modified portions.

Accordingly, to identify such smaller subsets of tests, a computingdevice, which may be referred to as a testing device, may execute eachrespective software test of a plurality of software tests in the testlibrary on or against a first version of the software product. Thesoftware product may include a plurality of code units (e.g., files,functions, classes, methods, lines, instructions, etc.) and may use(i.e., access or modify) data units in a database. While a givensoftware test is being executed on or against the first version of thesoftware product, the testing device may collect code coverage data anddatabase coverage data. The code coverage data may indicate the extentof execution of different code units of the software product in responseto the given test being run on or against the software product.Similarly, the database coverage data may indicate the extent ofaccessing or modification of data units within the database. The dataunits may include (i) table structures into which data within thedatabase is organized or (ii) data values stored in the tablestructures.

The code coverage data may be used to determine a first mapping betweenthe respective software test and the code units executed by therespective software test. Similarly, the database coverage data may beused to determine a second mapping between the respective software testand the data units used by the respective software test. When thesoftware product is modified, the testing device may identify changesbetween the first version of the software product and the modified(second) version of the software product. Based on the identifiedchanges, the testing device may use the first mapping and the secondmapping to select a set of software tests that will evaluate themodified code and data units. That is, rather than executing all or mostof the software tests in the library, the testing device might onlyselect tests that invoke or use the modified code or data units.

Notably, by determining both the first and the second mapping, thetesting device may evaluate the impact of code changes as well aschanges in database structures or values stored in the databasestructures. Many code units rely on the database being structured in aparticular way or containing particular values that configure the codeunits to operate in a specific manner. A code unit that has not beenchanged, but uses a data unit that has been modified, may fail orunderperform a software test when using the modified data unit. If dataunit mappings were not considered by the testing device, the set ofsoftware tests selected to test the software product might not test thisunchanged code unit, thus failing to identify the failure orunderperformance. Even if a software test is selected that happens totest the unchanged code unit, determining that the modified data unit,rather than the unchanged code unit, caused the test failure might bemore time consuming. On the contrary, identifying the modification tothe data unit and using the second mapping may facilitate identificationof the cause of the test failure by automatically highlighting themodified data unit as a potential cause of the failure.

Additionally, in some implementations, the data units may storeadditional code units. That is, rather than having all code units storedas files, some of the code units may be stored in the database. If thetesting device did not consider the data unit mappings, such code unitsmight not be mapped as part of the first mapping and might thus beomitted during the testing process even when they contain changes thatshould be verified by the software tests. However, by using both thefirst and second mappings, the testing device may be configured to checkcode units stored as files as well as code units stored as entries(i.e., values) in the database for any changes or modifications thatshould be tested. Accordingly, using both the first mapping and thesecond mapping allows for a more thorough and accurate identification ofchanges in the software product, including the databases used thereby,that are to be software tested to verify desired functionality of thesoftware product.

Further, the first and second mappings may also be used to select a setof tests that meet particular criteria. For example, the testing devicemay select a set of tests that tests at least a threshold fraction ofthe modifications made to the code and data units, executes in under athreshold time, or uses less than a threshold extent of computingresources (e.g., memory, processors, etc.), among other criteria.Additionally, the code coverage data and the database coverage data maybe used to organize the first and second mappings into a task graphindicating dependencies between the different code and data units. Thetask graph may be used to, for example, identify groups of softwaretests that are parallelizable or to trace a software error to its rootcause, among other possibilities. Programmers may thus be able tofine-tune the thoroughness, runtime, resource usage, and resourcescheduling during the testing process, allowing the testing process tobe matched to the desired pace of software development.

Accordingly, a first example embodiment may involve a computing systemincluding a software product. The software product includes a pluralityof code units and accesses a database. The computing system may alsoinvolve a processor and a non-transitory computer readable storagemedium having stored thereon a plurality of software tests andinstructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processorto execute the plurality of software tests on a first version of thesoftware product. The instructions may also cause the processor todetermine a first mapping between each respective software test of theplurality of software tests and one or more of the code units executedby the respective software test. The instructions may additionally causethe processor to determine a second mapping between each respectivesoftware test of the plurality of software tests and one or more dataunits in the database used by the respective software test. Theinstructions may further cause the processor to determine that, betweena second version of the software product and the first version of thesoftware product, a particular code unit and a particular data unit havechanged. The instructions may yet additionally cause the processor to,based on the particular code unit and the particular data unit havingchanged, select, from the first mapping and the second mapping, a set ofsoftware tests from the plurality of software tests with mappings to theparticular code unit or the particular data unit. The instructions mayyet further cause the processor to execute the set of software tests onthe second version of the software product.

In a second example embodiment, a method may involve executing, by atesting device, a plurality of software tests on a first version of asoftware product. The software product includes a plurality of codeunits and accesses a database. The method may also involve determining,by the testing device, a first mapping between each respective softwaretest of the plurality of software tests and one or more of the codeunits executed by the respective software test. The method mayadditionally involve determining, by the testing device, a secondmapping between each respective software test of the plurality ofsoftware tests and one or more data units in the database used by therespective software test. The method may yet additionally involvedetermining, by the testing device, that, between a second version ofthe software product and the first version of the software product, aparticular code unit and a particular data unit have changed. The methodmay further involve, based on the particular code unit and theparticular data unit having changed, selecting, by the testing device,from the first mapping and the second mapping, a set of software testsfrom the plurality of software tests with mappings to the particularcode unit or the particular data unit. The method may yet furtherinvolve executing, by the testing device, the set of software tests onthe second version of the software product.

In a third example embodiment, an article of manufacture may include anon-transitory computer-readable medium, having stored thereon programinstructions that, upon execution by a computing system, cause thecomputing system to perform operations. The operations may involveexecuting a plurality of software tests on a first version of a softwareproduct. The software product includes a plurality of code units andaccesses a database. The operations may also involve determining a firstmapping between each respective software test of the plurality ofsoftware tests and one or more of the code units executed by therespective software test. The operations may additionally involvedetermining a second mapping between each respective software test ofthe plurality of software tests and one or more data units in thedatabase used by the respective software test. The operations may yetadditionally involve determining that, between a second version of thesoftware product and the first version of the software product, aparticular code unit and a particular data unit have changed. Theoperations may further involve, based on the particular code unit andthe particular data unit having changed, selecting from the firstmapping and the second mapping, a set of software tests from theplurality of software tests with mappings to the particular code unit orthe particular data unit. The operations may yet further involveexecuting the set of software tests on the second version of thesoftware product.

In a fourth example embodiment, a system may include various means forcarrying out each of the operations of the second example embodiment.

These as well as other embodiments, aspects, advantages, andalternatives will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artby reading the following detailed description, with reference whereappropriate to the accompanying drawings. Further, this summary andother descriptions and figures provided herein are intended toillustrate embodiments by way of example only and, as such, thatnumerous variations are possible. For instance, structural elements andprocess steps can be rearranged, combined, distributed, eliminated, orotherwise changed, while remaining within the scope of the embodimentsas claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic drawing of a computing device, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic drawing of a server device cluster, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 4 depicts a communication environment involving a remote networkmanagement architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5A depicts another communication environment involving a remotenetwork management architecture, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 6A illustrates control flow of a software product, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 6B illustrates code coverage of a software product, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 6C illustrates database usage by a software product, in accordancewith example embodiments.

FIG. 6D illustrates a mapping between software tests and code units, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 6E illustrates a mapping between software tests and data units, inaccordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a change in code units and data units acrossdifferent versions of a software product, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 8A illustrates dependencies between software tests, code units, anddata units, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 8B illustrates software tests and code units affected by a changein a software product, in accordance with example embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates a testing device, in accordance with exampleembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart, in accordance with example embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example methods, devices, and systems are described herein. It should beunderstood that the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein tomean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodimentor feature described herein as being an “example” or “exemplary” is notnecessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otherembodiments or features unless stated as such. Thus, other embodimentscan be utilized and other changes can be made without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein.

Accordingly, the example embodiments described herein are not meant tobe limiting. It will be readily understood that the aspects of thepresent disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated inthe figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, anddesigned in a wide variety of different configurations. For example, theseparation of features into “client” and “server” components may occurin a number of ways.

Further, unless context suggests otherwise, the features illustrated ineach of the figures may be used in combination with one another. Thus,the figures should be generally viewed as component aspects of one ormore overall embodiments, with the understanding that not allillustrated features are necessary for each embodiment.

Additionally, any enumeration of elements, blocks, or steps in thisspecification or the claims is for purposes of clarity. Thus, suchenumeration should not be interpreted to require or imply that theseelements, blocks, or steps adhere to a particular arrangement or arecarried out in a particular order.

I. INTRODUCTION

A large enterprise is a complex entity with many interrelatedoperations. Some of these are found across the enterprise, such as humanresources (HR), supply chain, information technology (IT), and finance.However, each enterprise also has its own unique operations that provideessential capabilities and/or create competitive advantages.

To support widely-implemented operations, enterprises typically useoff-the-shelf software applications, such as customer relationshipmanagement (CRM) and human capital management (HCM) packages. However,they may also need custom software applications to meet their own uniquerequirements. A large enterprise often has dozens or hundreds of thesecustom software applications. Nonetheless, the advantages provided bythe embodiments herein are not limited to large enterprises and may beapplicable to an enterprise, or any other type of organization, of anysize.

Many such software applications are developed by individual departmentswithin the enterprise. These range from simple spreadsheets tocustom-built software tools and databases. But the proliferation ofsiloed custom software applications has numerous disadvantages. Itnegatively impacts an enterprise's ability to run and grow itsoperations, innovate, and meet regulatory requirements. The enterprisemay find it difficult to integrate, streamline and enhance itsoperations due to lack of a single system that unifies its subsystemsand data.

To efficiently create custom applications, enterprises would benefitfrom a remotely-hosted application platform that eliminates unnecessarydevelopment complexity. The goal of such a platform would be to reducetime-consuming, repetitive application development tasks so thatsoftware engineers and individuals in other roles can focus ondeveloping unique, high-value features.

In order to achieve this goal, the concept of Application Platform as aService (aPaaS) is introduced, to intelligently automate workflowsthroughout the enterprise. An aPaaS system is hosted remotely from theenterprise, but may access data, applications, and services within theenterprise by way of secure connections. Such an aPaaS system may have anumber of advantageous capabilities and characteristics. Theseadvantages and characteristics may be able to improve the enterprise'soperations and workflow for IT, HR, CRM, customer service, applicationdevelopment, and security.

The aPaaS system may support development and execution ofmodel-view-controller (MVC) applications. MVC applications divide theirfunctionality into three interconnected parts (model, view, andcontroller) in order to isolate representations of information from themanner in which the information is presented to the user, therebyallowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development. Theseapplications may be web-based, and offer create, read, update, delete(CRUD) capabilities. This allows new applications to be built on acommon application infrastructure.

The aPaaS system may support standardized application components, suchas a standardized set of widgets for graphical user interface (GUI)development. In this way, applications built using the aPaaS system havea common look and feel. Other software components and modules may bestandardized as well. In some cases, this look and feel can be brandedor skinned with an enterprise's custom logos and/or color schemes.

The aPaaS system may support the ability to configure the behavior ofapplications using metadata. This allows application behaviors to berapidly adapted to meet specific needs. Such an approach reducesdevelopment time and increases flexibility. Further, the aPaaS systemmay support GUI tools that facilitate metadata creation and management,thus reducing errors in the metadata.

The aPaaS system may support clearly-defined interfaces betweenapplications, so that software developers can avoid unwantedinter-application dependencies. Thus, the aPaaS system may implement aservice layer in which persistent state information and other data isstored.

The aPaaS system may support a rich set of integration features so thatthe applications thereon can interact with legacy applications andthird-party applications. For instance, the aPaaS system may support acustom employee-onboarding system that integrates with legacy HR, IT,and accounting systems.

The aPaaS system may support enterprise-grade security. Furthermore,since the aPaaS system may be remotely hosted, it should also utilizesecurity procedures when it interacts with systems in the enterprise orthird-party networks and services hosted outside of the enterprise. Forexample, the aPaaS system may be configured to share data amongst theenterprise and other parties to detect and identify common securitythreats.

Other features, functionality, and advantages of an aPaaS system mayexist. This description is for purpose of example and is not intended tobe limiting.

As an example of the aPaaS development process, a software developer maybe tasked to create a new application using the aPaaS system. First, thedeveloper may define the data model, which specifies the types of datathat the application uses and the relationships therebetween. Then, viaa GUI of the aPaaS system, the developer enters (e.g., uploads) the datamodel. The aPaaS system automatically creates all of the correspondingdatabase tables, fields, and relationships, which can then be accessedvia an object-oriented services layer.

In addition, the aPaaS system can also build a fully-functional MVCapplication with client-side interfaces and server-side CRUD logic. Thisgenerated application may serve as the basis of further development forthe user. Advantageously, the developer does not have to spend a largeamount of time on basic application functionality. Further, since theapplication may be web-based, it can be accessed from anyInternet-enabled client device. Alternatively or additionally, a localcopy of the application may be able to be accessed, for instance, whenInternet service is not available.

The aPaaS system may also support a rich set of pre-definedfunctionality that can be added to applications. These features includesupport for searching, email, templating, workflow design, reporting,analytics, social media, scripting, mobile-friendly output, andcustomized GUIs.

The following embodiments describe architectural and functional aspectsof example aPaaS systems, as well as the features and advantagesthereof.

II. EXAMPLE COMPUTING DEVICES AND CLOUD-BASED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTS

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram exemplifying a computing device100, illustrating some of the components that could be included in acomputing device arranged to operate in accordance with the embodimentsherein. Computing device 100 could be a client device (e.g., a deviceactively operated by a user), a server device (e.g., a device thatprovides computational services to client devices), or some other typeof computational platform. Some server devices may operate as clientdevices from time to time in order to perform particular operations, andsome client devices may incorporate server features.

In this example, computing device 100 includes processor 102, memory104, network interface 106, and an input/output unit 108, all of whichmay be coupled by a system bus 110 or a similar mechanism. In someembodiments, computing device 100 may include other components and/orperipheral devices (e.g., detachable storage, printers, and so on).

Processor 102 may be one or more of any type of computer processingelement, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a co-processor (e.g.,a mathematics, graphics, or encryption co-processor), a digital signalprocessor (DSP), a network processor, and/or a form of integratedcircuit or controller that performs processor operations. In some cases,processor 102 may be one or more single-core processors. In other cases,processor 102 may be one or more multi-core processors with multipleindependent processing units. Processor 102 may also include registermemory for temporarily storing instructions being executed and relateddata, as well as cache memory for temporarily storing recently-usedinstructions and data.

Memory 104 may be any form of computer-usable memory, including but notlimited to random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), andnon-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory, hard disk drives, solid statedrives, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), and/or tapestorage). Thus, memory 104 represents both main memory units, as well aslong-term storage. Other types of memory may include biological memory.

Memory 104 may store program instructions and/or data on which programinstructions may operate. By way of example, memory 104 may store theseprogram instructions on a non-transitory, computer-readable medium, suchthat the instructions are executable by processor 102 to carry out anyof the methods, processes, or operations disclosed in this specificationor the accompanying drawings.

As shown in FIG. 1, memory 104 may include firmware 104A, kernel 104B,and/or applications 104C. Firmware 104A may be program code used to bootor otherwise initiate some or all of computing device 100. Kernel 104Bmay be an operating system, including modules for memory management,scheduling and management of processes, input/output, and communication.Kernel 104B may also include device drivers that allow the operatingsystem to communicate with the hardware modules (e.g., memory units,networking interfaces, ports, and busses), of computing device 100.Applications 104C may be one or more user-space software programs, suchas web browsers or email clients, as well as any software libraries usedby these programs. Memory 104 may also store data used by these andother programs and applications.

Network interface 106 may take the form of one or more wirelineinterfaces, such as Ethernet (e.g., Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, andso on). Network interface 106 may also support communication over one ormore non-Ethernet media, such as coaxial cables or power lines, or overwide-area media, such as Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) ordigital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. Network interface 106 mayadditionally take the form of one or more wireless interfaces, such asIEEE 802.11 (Wifi), BLUETOOTH®, global positioning system (GPS), or awide-area wireless interface. However, other forms of physical layerinterfaces and other types of standard or proprietary communicationprotocols may be used over network interface 106. Furthermore, networkinterface 106 may comprise multiple physical interfaces. For instance,some embodiments of computing device 100 may include Ethernet,BLUETOOTH®, and Wifi interfaces.

Input/output unit 108 may facilitate user and peripheral deviceinteraction with example computing device 100. Input/output unit 108 mayinclude one or more types of input devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse,a touch screen, and so on. Similarly, input/output unit 108 may includeone or more types of output devices, such as a screen, monitor, printer,and/or one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs). Additionally oralternatively, computing device 100 may communicate with other devicesusing a universal serial bus (USB) or high-definition multimediainterface (HDMI) port interface, for example.

In some embodiments, one or more instances of computing device 100 maybe deployed to support an aPaaS architecture. The exact physicallocation, connectivity, and configuration of these computing devices maybe unknown and/or unimportant to client devices. Accordingly, thecomputing devices may be referred to as “cloud-based” devices that maybe housed at various remote data center locations.

FIG. 2 depicts a cloud-based server cluster 200 in accordance withexample embodiments. In FIG. 2, operations of a computing device (e.g.,computing device 100) may be distributed between server devices 202,data storage 204, and routers 206, all of which may be connected bylocal cluster network 208. The number of server devices 202, datastorages 204, and routers 206 in server cluster 200 may depend on thecomputing task(s) and/or applications assigned to server cluster 200.

For example, server devices 202 can be configured to perform variouscomputing tasks of computing device 100. Thus, computing tasks can bedistributed among one or more of server devices 202. To the extent thatthese computing tasks can be performed in parallel, such a distributionof tasks may reduce the total time to complete these tasks and return aresult. For purpose of simplicity, both server cluster 200 andindividual server devices 202 may be referred to as a “server device.”This nomenclature should be understood to imply that one or moredistinct server devices, data storage devices, and cluster routers maybe involved in server device operations.

Data storage 204 may be data storage arrays that include drive arraycontrollers configured to manage read and write access to groups of harddisk drives and/or solid state drives. The drive array controllers,alone or in conjunction with server devices 202, may also be configuredto manage backup or redundant copies of the data stored in data storage204 to protect against drive failures or other types of failures thatprevent one or more of server devices 202 from accessing units ofcluster data storage 204. Other types of memory aside from drives may beused.

Routers 206 may include networking equipment configured to provideinternal and external communications for server cluster 200. Forexample, routers 206 may include one or more packet-switching and/orrouting devices (including switches and/or gateways) configured toprovide (i) network communications between server devices 202 and datastorage 204 via cluster network 208, and/or (ii) network communicationsbetween the server cluster 200 and other devices via communication link210 to network 212.

Additionally, the configuration of cluster routers 206 can be based atleast in part on the data communication requirements of server devices202 and data storage 204, the latency and throughput of the localcluster network 208, the latency, throughput, and cost of communicationlink 210, and/or other factors that may contribute to the cost, speed,fault-tolerance, resiliency, efficiency and/or other design goals of thesystem architecture.

As a possible example, data storage 204 may include any form ofdatabase, such as a structured query language (SQL) database. Varioustypes of data structures may store the information in such a database,including but not limited to tables, arrays, lists, trees, and tuples.Furthermore, any databases in data storage 204 may be monolithic ordistributed across multiple physical devices.

Server devices 202 may be configured to transmit data to and receivedata from cluster data storage 204. This transmission and retrieval maytake the form of SQL queries or other types of database queries, and theoutput of such queries, respectively. Additional text, images, video,and/or audio may be included as well. Furthermore, server devices 202may organize the received data into web page representations. Such arepresentation may take the form of a markup language, such as thehypertext markup language (HTML), the extensible markup language (XML),or some other standardized or proprietary format. Moreover, serverdevices 202 may have the capability of executing various types ofcomputerized scripting languages, such as but not limited to Perl,Python, PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), Active Server Pages (ASP),JavaScript, and so on. Computer program code written in these languagesmay facilitate the providing of web pages to client devices, as well asclient device interaction with the web pages.

III. EXAMPLE REMOTE NETWORK MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE

FIG. 3 depicts a remote network management architecture, in accordancewith example embodiments. This architecture includes three maincomponents, managed network 300, remote network management platform 320,and third-party networks 340, all connected by way of Internet 350.

Managed network 300 may be, for example, an enterprise network used byan entity for computing and communications tasks, as well as storage ofdata. Thus, managed network 300 may include various client devices 302,server devices 304, routers 306, virtual machines 308, firewall 310,and/or proxy servers 312. Client devices 302 may be embodied bycomputing device 100, server devices 304 may be embodied by computingdevice 100 or server cluster 200, and routers 306 may be any type ofrouter, switch, or gateway.

Virtual machines 308 may be embodied by one or more of computing device100 or server cluster 200. In general, a virtual machine is an emulationof a computing system, and mimics the functionality (e.g., processor,memory, and communication resources) of a physical computer. Onephysical computing system, such as server cluster 200, may support up tothousands of individual virtual machines. In some embodiments, virtualmachines 308 may be managed by a centralized server device orapplication that facilitates allocation of physical computing resourcesto individual virtual machines, as well as performance and errorreporting. Enterprises often employ virtual machines in order toallocate computing resources in an efficient, as needed fashion.Providers of virtualized computing systems include VMWARE® andMICROSOFT®.

Firewall 310 may be one or more specialized routers or server devicesthat protect managed network 300 from unauthorized attempts to accessthe devices, applications, and services therein, while allowingauthorized communication that is initiated from managed network 300.Firewall 310 may also provide intrusion detection, web filtering, virusscanning, application-layer gateways, and other applications orservices. In some embodiments not shown in FIG. 3, managed network 300may include one or more virtual private network (VPN) gateways withwhich it communicates with remote network management platform 320 (seebelow).

Managed network 300 may also include one or more proxy servers 312. Anembodiment of proxy servers 312 may be a server device that facilitatescommunication and movement of data between managed network 300, remotenetwork management platform 320, and third-party networks 340. Inparticular, proxy servers 312 may be able to establish and maintainsecure communication sessions with one or more computational instancesof remote network management platform 320. By way of such a session,remote network management platform 320 may be able to discover andmanage aspects of the architecture and configuration of managed network300 and its components. Possibly with the assistance of proxy servers312, remote network management platform 320 may also be able to discoverand manage aspects of third-party networks 340 that are used by managednetwork 300.

Firewalls, such as firewall 310, typically deny all communicationsessions that are incoming by way of Internet 350, unless such a sessionwas ultimately initiated from behind the firewall (i.e., from a deviceon managed network 300) or the firewall has been explicitly configuredto support the session. By placing proxy servers 312 behind firewall 310(e.g., within managed network 300 and protected by firewall 310), proxyservers 312 may be able to initiate these communication sessions throughfirewall 310. Thus, firewall 310 might not have to be specificallyconfigured to support incoming sessions from remote network managementplatform 320, thereby avoiding potential security risks to managednetwork 300.

In some cases, managed network 300 may consist of a few devices and asmall number of networks. In other deployments, managed network 300 mayspan multiple physical locations and include hundreds of networks andhundreds of thousands of devices. Thus, the architecture depicted inFIG. 3 is capable of scaling up or down by orders of magnitude.

Furthermore, depending on the size, architecture, and connectivity ofmanaged network 300, a varying number of proxy servers 312 may bedeployed therein. For example, each one of proxy servers 312 may beresponsible for communicating with remote network management platform320 regarding a portion of managed network 300. Alternatively oradditionally, sets of two or more proxy servers may be assigned to sucha portion of managed network 300 for purposes of load balancing,redundancy, and/or high availability.

Remote network management platform 320 is a hosted environment thatprovides aPaaS services to users, particularly to the operators ofmanaged network 300. These services may take the form of web-basedportals, for instance. Thus, a user can securely access remote networkmanagement platform 320 from, for instance, client devices 302, orpotentially from a client device outside of managed network 300. By wayof the web-based portals, users may design, test, and deployapplications, generate reports, view analytics, and perform other tasks.

As shown in FIG. 3, remote network management platform 320 includes fourcomputational instances 322, 324, 326, and 328. Each of these instancesmay represent a set of web portals, services, and applications (e.g., awholly-functioning aPaaS system) available to a particular customer. Insome cases, a single customer may use multiple computational instances.For example, managed network 300 may be an enterprise customer of remotenetwork management platform 320, and may use computational instances322, 324, and 326. The reason for providing multiple instances to onecustomer is that the customer may wish to independently develop, test,and deploy its applications and services. Thus, computational instance322 may be dedicated to application development related to managednetwork 300, computational instance 324 may be dedicated to testingthese applications, and computational instance 326 may be dedicated tothe live operation of tested applications and services. A computationalinstance may also be referred to as a hosted instance, a remoteinstance, a customer instance, or by some other designation.

The multi-instance architecture of remote network management platform320 is in contrast to conventional multi-tenant architectures, overwhich multi-instance architectures have several advantages. Inmulti-tenant architectures, data from different customers (e.g.,enterprises) are comingled in a single database. While these customers'data are separate from one another, the separation is enforced by thesoftware that operates the single database. As a consequence, a securitybreach in this system may impact all customers' data, creatingadditional risk, especially for entities subject to governmental,healthcare, and/or financial regulation. Furthermore, any databaseoperations that impact one customer will likely impact all customerssharing that database. Thus, if there is an outage due to hardware orsoftware errors, this outage affects all such customers. Likewise, ifthe database is to be upgraded to meet the needs of one customer, itwill be unavailable to all customers during the upgrade process. Often,such maintenance windows will be long, due to the size of the shareddatabase.

In contrast, the multi-instance architecture provides each customer withits own database in a dedicated computing instance. This preventscomingling of customer data, and allows each instance to beindependently managed. For example, when one customer's instanceexperiences an outage due to errors or an upgrade, other computationalinstances are not impacted. Maintenance down time is limited because thedatabase only contains one customer's data. Further, the simpler designof the multi-instance architecture allows redundant copies of eachcustomer database and instance to be deployed in a geographicallydiverse fashion. This facilitates high availability, where the liveversion of the customer's instance can be moved when faults are detectedor maintenance is being performed.

In order to support multiple computational instances in an efficientfashion, remote network management platform 320 may implement aplurality of these instances on a single hardware platform. For example,when the aPaaS system is implemented on a server cluster such as servercluster 200, it may operate a virtual machine that dedicates varyingamounts of computational, storage, and communication resources toinstances. But full virtualization of server cluster 200 might not benecessary, and other mechanisms may be used to separate instances. Insome examples, each instance may have a dedicated account and one ormore dedicated databases on server cluster 200. Alternatively,computational instance 322 may span multiple physical devices.

In some cases, a single server cluster of remote network managementplatform 320 may support multiple independent enterprises. Furthermore,as described below, remote network management platform 320 may includemultiple server clusters deployed in geographically diverse data centersin order to facilitate load balancing, redundancy, and/or highavailability.

Third-party networks 340 may be remote server devices (e.g., a pluralityof server clusters such as server cluster 200) that can be used foroutsourced computational, data storage, communication, and servicehosting operations. These servers may be virtualized (i.e., the serversmay be virtual machines). Examples of third-party networks 340 mayinclude AMAZON WEB SERVICES® and MICROSOFT® Azure. Like remote networkmanagement platform 320, multiple server clusters supporting third-partynetworks 340 may be deployed at geographically diverse locations forpurposes of load balancing, redundancy, and/or high availability.

Managed network 300 may use one or more of third-party networks 340 todeploy applications and services to its clients and customers. Forinstance, if managed network 300 provides online music streamingservices, third-party networks 340 may store the music files and provideweb interface and streaming capabilities. In this way, the enterprise ofmanaged network 300 does not have to build and maintain its own serversfor these operations.

Remote network management platform 320 may include modules thatintegrate with third-party networks 340 to expose virtual machines andmanaged services therein to managed network 300. The modules may allowusers to request virtual resources and provide flexible reporting forthird-party networks 340. In order to establish this functionality, auser from managed network 300 might first establish an account withthird-party networks 340, and request a set of associated resources.Then, the user may enter the account information into the appropriatemodules of remote network management platform 320. These modules maythen automatically discover the manageable resources in the account, andalso provide reports related to usage, performance, and billing.

Internet 350 may represent a portion of the global Internet. However,Internet 350 may alternatively represent a different type of network,such as a private wide-area or local-area packet-switched network.

FIG. 4 further illustrates the communication environment between managednetwork 300 and computational instance 322, and introduces additionalfeatures and alternative embodiments. In FIG. 4, computational instance322 is replicated across data centers 400A and 400B. These data centersmay be geographically distant from one another, perhaps in differentcities or different countries. Each data center includes supportequipment that facilitates communication with managed network 300, aswell as remote users.

In data center 400A, network traffic to and from external devices flowseither through VPN gateway 402A or firewall 404A. VPN gateway 402A maybe peered with VPN gateway 412 of managed network 300 by way of asecurity protocol such as Internet Protocol Security (IPSEC) orTransport Layer Security (TLS). Firewall 404A may be configured to allowaccess from authorized users, such as user 414 and remote user 416, andto deny access to unauthorized users. By way of firewall 404A, theseusers may access computational instance 322, and possibly othercomputational instances. Load balancer 406A may be used to distributetraffic amongst one or more physical or virtual server devices that hostcomputational instance 322. Load balancer 406A may simplify user accessby hiding the internal configuration of data center 400A, (e.g.,computational instance 322) from client devices. For instance, ifcomputational instance 322 includes multiple physical or virtualcomputing devices that share access to multiple databases, load balancer406A may distribute network traffic and processing tasks across thesecomputing devices and databases so that no one computing device ordatabase is significantly busier than the others. In some embodiments,computational instance 322 may include VPN gateway 402A, firewall 404A,and load balancer 406A.

Data center 400B may include its own versions of the components in datacenter 400A. Thus, VPN gateway 402B, firewall 404B, and load balancer406B may perform the same or similar operations as VPN gateway 402A,firewall 404A, and load balancer 406A, respectively. Further, by way ofreal-time or near-real-time database replication and/or otheroperations, computational instance 322 may exist simultaneously in datacenters 400A and 400B.

Data centers 400A and 400B as shown in FIG. 4 may facilitate redundancyand high availability. In the configuration of FIG. 4, data center 400Ais active and data center 400B is passive. Thus, data center 400A isserving all traffic to and from managed network 300, while the versionof computational instance 322 in data center 400B is being updated innear-real-time. Other configurations, such as one in which both datacenters are active, may be supported.

Should data center 400A fail in some fashion or otherwise becomeunavailable to users, data center 400B can take over as the active datacenter. For example, domain name system (DNS) servers that associate adomain name of computational instance 322 with one or more InternetProtocol (IP) addresses of data center 400A may re-associate the domainname with one or more IP addresses of data center 400B. After thisre-association completes (which may take less than one second or severalseconds), users may access computational instance 322 by way of datacenter 400B.

FIG. 4 also illustrates a possible configuration of managed network 300.As noted above, proxy servers 312 and user 414 may access computationalinstance 322 through firewall 310. Proxy servers 312 may also accessconfiguration items 410. In FIG. 4, configuration items 410 may refer toany or all of client devices 302, server devices 304, routers 306, andvirtual machines 308, any applications or services executing thereon, aswell as relationships between devices, applications, and services. Thus,the term “configuration items” may be shorthand for any physical orvirtual device, or any application or service remotely discoverable ormanaged by computational instance 322, or relationships betweendiscovered devices, applications, and services. Configuration items maybe represented in a configuration management database (CMIDB) ofcomputational instance 322.

As noted above, VPN gateway 412 may provide a dedicated VPN to VPNgateway 402A. Such a VPN may be helpful when there is a significantamount of traffic between managed network 300 and computational instance322, or security policies otherwise suggest or require use of a VPNbetween these sites. In some embodiments, any device in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 that directly communicates via theVPN is assigned a public IP address. Other devices in managed network300 and/or computational instance 322 may be assigned private IPaddresses (e.g., IP addresses selected from the 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255or 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 ranges, represented in shorthand assubnets 10.0.0.0/8 and 192.168.0.0/16, respectively).

IV. EXAMPLE DEVICE, APPLICATION, AND SERVICE DISCOVERY

In order for remote network management platform 320 to administer thedevices, applications, and services of managed network 300, remotenetwork management platform 320 may first determine what devices arepresent in managed network 300, the configurations and operationalstatuses of these devices, and the applications and services provided bythe devices, and well as the relationships between discovered devices,applications, and services. As noted above, each device, application,service, and relationship may be referred to as a configuration item.The process of defining configuration items within managed network 300is referred to as discovery, and may be facilitated at least in part byproxy servers 312.

For purpose of the embodiments herein, an “application” may refer to oneor more processes, threads, programs, client modules, server modules, orany other software that executes on a device or group of devices. A“service” may refer to a high-level capability provided by multipleapplications executing on one or more devices working in conjunctionwith one another. For example, a high-level web service may involvemultiple web application server threads executing on one device andaccessing information from a database application that executes onanother device.

FIG. 5A provides a logical depiction of how configuration items can bediscovered, as well as how information related to discoveredconfiguration items can be stored. For sake of simplicity, remotenetwork management platform 320, third-party networks 340, and Internet350 are not shown.

In FIG. 5A, CMDB 500 and task list 502 are stored within computationalinstance 322. Computational instance 322 may transmit discovery commandsto proxy servers 312. In response, proxy servers 312 may transmit probesto various devices, applications, and services in managed network 300.These devices, applications, and services may transmit responses toproxy servers 312, and proxy servers 312 may then provide informationregarding discovered configuration items to CMDB 500 for storagetherein. Configuration items stored in CMDB 500 represent theenvironment of managed network 300.

Task list 502 represents a list of activities that proxy servers 312 areto perform on behalf of computational instance 322. As discovery takesplace, task list 502 is populated. Proxy servers 312 repeatedly querytask list 502, obtain the next task therein, and perform this task untiltask list 502 is empty or another stopping condition has been reached.

To facilitate discovery, proxy servers 312 may be configured withinformation regarding one or more subnets in managed network 300 thatare reachable by way of proxy servers 312. For instance, proxy servers312 may be given the IP address range 192.168.0/24 as a subnet. Then,computational instance 322 may store this information in CMDB 500 andplace tasks in task list 502 for discovery of devices at each of theseaddresses.

FIG. 5A also depicts devices, applications, and services in managednetwork 300 as configuration items 504, 506, 508, 510, and 512. As notedabove, these configuration items represent a set of physical and/orvirtual devices (e.g., client devices, server devices, routers, orvirtual machines), applications executing thereon (e.g., web servers,email servers, databases, or storage arrays), relationshipstherebetween, as well as services that involve multiple individualconfiguration items.

Placing the tasks in task list 502 may trigger or otherwise cause proxyservers 312 to begin discovery. Alternatively or additionally, discoverymay be manually triggered or automatically triggered based on triggeringevents (e.g., discovery may automatically begin once per day at aparticular time).

In general, discovery may proceed in four logical phases: scanning,classification, identification, and exploration. Each phase of discoveryinvolves various types of probe messages being transmitted by proxyservers 312 to one or more devices in managed network 300. The responsesto these probes may be received and processed by proxy servers 312, andrepresentations thereof may be transmitted to CMDB 500. Thus, each phasecan result in more configuration items being discovered and stored inCMDB 500.

In the scanning phase, proxy servers 312 may probe each IP address inthe specified range of IP addresses for open Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) and/or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ports to determinethe general type of device. The presence of such open ports at an IPaddress may indicate that a particular application is operating on thedevice that is assigned the IP address, which in turn may identify theoperating system used by the device. For example, if TCP port 135 isopen, then the device is likely executing a WINDOWS® operating system.Similarly, if TCP port 22 is open, then the device is likely executing aUNIX® operating system, such as LINUX®. If UDP port 161 is open, thenthe device may be able to be further identified through the SimpleNetwork Management Protocol (SNMP). Other possibilities exist. Once thepresence of a device at a particular IP address and its open ports havebeen discovered, these configuration items are saved in CMDB 500.

In the classification phase, proxy servers 312 may further probe eachdiscovered device to determine the version of its operating system. Theprobes used for a particular device are based on information gatheredabout the devices during the scanning phase. For example, if a device isfound with TCP port 22 open, a set of UNIX®-specific probes may be used.Likewise, if a device is found with TCP port 135 open, a set ofWINDOWS®-specific probes may be used. For either case, an appropriateset of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxy servers 312 tocarry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312 logging on, orotherwise accessing information from the particular device. Forinstance, if TCP port 22 is open, proxy servers 312 may be instructed toinitiate a Secure Shell (SSH) connection to the particular device andobtain information about the operating system thereon from particularlocations in the file system. Based on this information, the operatingsystem may be determined. As an example, a UNIX® device with TCP port 22open may be classified as AIX®, HPUX, LINUX®, MACOS®, or SOLARIS®. Thisclassification information may be stored as one or more configurationitems in CMDB 500.

In the identification phase, proxy servers 312 may determine specificdetails about a classified device. The probes used during this phase maybe based on information gathered about the particular devices during theclassification phase. For example, if a device was classified as LINUX®,a set of LINUX®-specific probes may be used. Likewise if a device wasclassified as WINDOWS® 2012, as a set of WINDOWS®-2012-specific probesmay be used. As was the case for the classification phase, anappropriate set of tasks may be placed in task list 502 for proxyservers 312 to carry out. These tasks may result in proxy servers 312reading information from the particular device, such as basicinput/output system (BIOS) information, serial numbers, networkinterface information, media access control address(es) assigned tothese network interface(s), IP address(es) used by the particular deviceand so on. This identification information may be stored as one or moreconfiguration items in CMDB 500.

In the exploration phase, proxy servers 312 may determine furtherdetails about the operational state of a classified device. The probesused during this phase may be based on information gathered about theparticular devices during the classification phase and/or theidentification phase. Again, an appropriate set of tasks may be placedin task list 502 for proxy servers 312 to carry out. These tasks mayresult in proxy servers 312 reading additional information from theparticular device, such as processor information, memory information,lists of running processes (applications), and so on. Once more, thediscovered information may be stored as one or more configuration itemsin CMDB 500.

Running discovery on a network device, such as a router, may utilizeSNMP. Instead of or in addition to determining a list of runningprocesses or other application-related information, discovery maydetermine additional subnets known to the router and the operationalstate of the router's network interfaces (e.g., active, inactive, queuelength, number of packets dropped, etc.). The IP addresses of theadditional subnets may be candidates for further discovery procedures.Thus, discovery may progress iteratively or recursively.

Once discovery completes, a snapshot representation of each discovereddevice, application, and service is available in CMDB 500. For example,after discovery, operating system version, hardware configuration andnetwork configuration details for client devices, server devices, androuters in managed network 300, as well as applications executingthereon, may be stored. This collected information may be presented to auser in various ways to allow the user to view the hardware compositionand operational status of devices, as well as the characteristics ofservices that span multiple devices and applications.

Furthermore, CMDB 500 may include entries regarding dependencies andrelationships between configuration items. More specifically, anapplication that is executing on a particular server device, as well asthe services that rely on this application, may be represented as suchin CMDB 500. For instance, suppose that a database application isexecuting on a server device, and that this database application is usedby a new employee onboarding service as well as a payroll service. Thus,if the server device is taken out of operation for maintenance, it isclear that the employee onboarding service and payroll service will beimpacted. Likewise, the dependencies and relationships betweenconfiguration items may be able to represent the services impacted whena particular router fails.

In general, dependencies and relationships between configuration itemsbe displayed on a web-based interface and represented in a hierarchicalfashion. Thus, adding, changing, or removing such dependencies andrelationships may be accomplished by way of this interface.

Furthermore, users from managed network 300 may develop workflows thatallow certain coordinated activities to take place across multiplediscovered devices. For instance, an IT workflow might allow the user tochange the common administrator password to all discovered LINUX®devices in single operation.

In order for discovery to take place in the manner described above,proxy servers 312, CMDB 500, and/or one or more credential stores may beconfigured with credentials for one or more of the devices to bediscovered. Credentials may include any type of information needed inorder to access the devices. These may include userid/password pairs,certificates, and so on. In some embodiments, these credentials may bestored in encrypted fields of CMDB 500. Proxy servers 312 may containthe decryption key for the credentials so that proxy servers 312 can usethese credentials to log on to or otherwise access devices beingdiscovered.

The discovery process is depicted as a flow chart in FIG. 5B. At block520, the task list in the computational instance is populated, forinstance, with a range of IP addresses. At block 522, the scanning phasetakes place. Thus, the proxy servers probe the IP addresses for devicesusing these IP addresses, and attempt to determine the operating systemsthat are executing on these devices. At block 524, the classificationphase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determine the operatingsystem version of the discovered devices. At block 526, theidentification phase takes place. The proxy servers attempt to determinethe hardware and/or software configuration of the discovered devices. Atblock 528, the exploration phase takes place. The proxy servers attemptto determine the operational state and applications executing on thediscovered devices. At block 530, further editing of the configurationitems representing the discovered devices and applications may takeplace. This editing may be automated and/or manual in nature.

The blocks represented in FIG. 5B are for purpose of example. Discoverymay be a highly configurable procedure that can have more or fewerphases, and the operations of each phase may vary. In some cases, one ormore phases may be customized, or may otherwise deviate from theexemplary descriptions above.

V. EXAMPLE MAPPING BETWEEN CODE, DATA, AND SOFTWARE TESTS

Software development is an iterative process in which source code anddata stored in databases are refined to improve a software product byimplementing additional functionality, removing defects, or improvingperformance of the software product. During development, the softwareproduct is often evaluated using software tests that automate theevaluation process. However, thorough evaluation often involvesexecuting a large library of software tests against the softwareproduct, which could take a long time and thereby slow down developmentof the software product. While executing the entire library or asignificant portion thereof may be acceptable at major milestones in thesoftware development process, the time penalty associated with suchexecution makes this approach undesirable for testing smaller changes inthe source code or databases.

For example, a software developer making changes to a single code unitor data unit might not need to execute the entire software test libraryagainst the updated software product because the updated code or dataunit might be invoked by a small subset of the tests within the testlibrary. Similarly, when multiple developers merge multiple code unitsor data units into a single build or version of the software product,only tests that execute the modified units, or units in close proximityto the modified units (e.g., units that call or are called by themodified units), might need to be executed. Notably, a software test mayinvoke or execute the modified unit directly, by calling the modifiedunit, or indirectly, by calling another unit that then calls themodified unit.

Accordingly, provided herein are systems and operations forsystematically identifying sets of software tests that evaluate modifiedcode units and modified data units, and may do so according to one ormore sets of constraints such as test coverage, test runtime, computingresource usage, and test parallelizability, among other possibilities.Additionally, because modern software often relies on coordinationbetween both code units and data units, the operations herein describedmap the interdependence between software tests and code units, as wellas software tests and data units. By considering the impact of dataunits on the software product, errors may be identified not only in codeunits but also in (i) data units on which the code units depend forsuccessful execution and (ii) additional code units that are stored inthe database rather than being stored in files as part of the sourcecode of the software product, among other possible sources of errors.

FIG. 6A illustrates software control flow of an example software product630 resulting from testing of software product 630 by a plurality ofsoftware tests. Software product 630 may include code units 606, 608,610, 612, 616, 618, 620, and 622 (i.e., code units 606-622) and mayaccess data units 614, 624, and 626 in a database. Software tests 600,602, and 604 may be used to determine whether software product 630operates as expected for its intended purpose. That is, software tests600, 602, and 604 may be used to determine whether software product 630successfully implements any desired functionality, is capable ofhandling a desired range of input values, does not contain defects, andexecutes within a desired time frame, among other factors.

In some cases, additional software tests (not shown) may be used to testsoftware product 630, which may cause software product 630 to executeadditional code units and access additional data units. Software tests600, 602, and 604, as well as the additional software tests, may be partof a larger software test library that includes tens, hundreds,thousands, or millions of software tests, each of which may be used aspart of the operations herein described.

Code units 606-622 may represent a plurality of different levels of codeaggregation (i.e., code hierarchy) corresponding to different levels ofgranularity. For example, code units 606-622 may represent code files,functions, classes (i.e., object-oriented programming classes), methodswithin classes, statements, lines, branches, or instructions (i.e.,assembly or binary instructions), among other possibilities.

Similarly, data units 614, 624, and 626 may represent a structure of thedatabase or the contents of the database stored within or organizedaccording to the structure. For example, data units 614, 624, and 626may represent structures of tables in the database or values storedwithin the table structures, among other possible parameters of thedatabase. Structures of tables may include the amounts of rows andcolumns in the tables, the data type of the rows or columns, the dataformat of the data within the tables, or the encoding of the data withinthe tables, among other possibilities. In some implementations, dataunits 614, 624, and 626 may represent configuration items stored in aCMDB.

Execution of test 600 against software product 630 may cause executionof code units 606, 608, 616, 620, and 622, and may cause softwareproduct 630 to access or modify data unit 614. Notably, test 600 and thelines interconnecting the code and data units used thereby are indicatedwith a solid line pattern. More specifically, test 600 may provide afirst input to software product 630 that causes execution of code unit606. In response, code unit 606 accesses data unit 614, which in turnstores code unit 620 (e.g., JavaScript, extensible markup language(XML)) that is executed after being retrieved from the database. Test600 may subsequently provide a second input to software product 630causing execution of code unit 608. In response, code unit 608 causesexecution of code unit 616, which in turn causes execution of code unit622.

Similarly, execution of test 602 against software product 630 causesexecution of code units 610 and 616, and accessing or modification ofdata unit 624, as indicated by the dashed line pattern. That is, test602 may provide an input to software product 630 that causes executionof code unit 610, which in turn causes execution of code unit 616. Codeunit 616 may access data unit 624. However, code unit 616 might notinvoke or cause the execution of code unit 622 when code unit 616 isexecuted in response to the input initially provided by test 602, asindicated by the absence of a dashed line between code units 616 and622.

Likewise, execution of test 604 against software product 630 causesexecution of code units 610, 612, and 618, and accessing or modificationof data units 624 and 626, as indicated by the dotted line pattern. Test604 may provide a first input to software product 630 that causesexecution of code unit 610, which in turn causes execution of code unit618. Code unit 618, when called by code unit 610, accesses data unit624. Test 604 may also provide a second input to software product 630that causes execution of code unit 612, which in turn causes executionof code unit 618. Code unit 618, when called by code unit 612, accessesdata unit 626. However, code unit 610 might not invoke or cause theexecution of code unit 616 when code unit 610 is executed in response tothe input initially provided by test 604, as indicated by the absence ofa dotted line between code units 610 and 616.

After execution of the respective code units, software product 630 mayreturn an output to the corresponding test, allowing the output to beevaluated by the corresponding test to determine whether softwareproduct 630 operates as desired. Notably, the software control flowillustrated in FIG. 6A for software product 630 is provided as anexample. The operations herein described may be equally applicable toother software products, which may be more complex (e.g., have more codeunits and/or data units) or less complex (e.g., have fewer code unitsand/or data units). For example, in some software products, multiplesoftware tests executed thereon may ultimately converge to a group ofone or more code units (e.g., library functions used by the code unitsinvoked by the multiple software tests).

In order to quantify the extent to which each of tests 600, 602, and 604evaluates or covers the different code units and data units of softwareproduct 630, a computing device, which may be referred to as a testingdevice, may determine code coverage data and database coverage datawhile executing the software tests. To that end, software product 630may be modified (e.g., injected) with additional code that allows thetesting device to determine which code units or portions thereof arebeing executed and which data units or portions thereof are beingaccessed or modified by the software tests. The additional code might beinjected into software product 630 temporarily for the purpose ofdetermining code coverage, but might not form part of apublicly-available release of software product 630. In an exampleimplementation, each code unit may be modified to write to a log filewhen it is invoked. The log file may then be read to determine thesoftware control flow resulting from execution of a given software test.In another example, each code unit may be modified to add softwaretracing calls to generate an indication of the code units executed by agiven software test.

Alternatively or additionally, in some implementations, the codecoverage data and database coverage data may be determined withoutinjecting code into software product 630. The testing device may insteadexecute software product in a computing environment configured to trackthe execution of the different parts of software product 630. The codecoverage data may be determined using a software tool such as Java CodeCoverage (JaCoCo), Coverage.py, ATLASSIAN CLOVER®, Bullseye Coverage,FrogLogic CoCo, or MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO®, among other possibilities.The particular software tool may be selected based on, for example, theprogramming language in which a software product is written.

FIG. 6B illustrates example code coverage data that may be generatedbased on execution of test 600 against software product 630. The codecoverage data may indicate, for each of code units 606-622, the extentto which classes, methods, lines of code, code branches, andinstructions, among other possibilities, are executed by software test600. Notably, the format of the code coverage data may depend on thelevel of code abstraction, code aggregation, or code hierarchyrepresented by code units 606-622 (e.g., file, class, method, function,branch, etc.). For example, when code units 606-622 represent methods,the code coverage data might indicate coverage of methods, lines,branches, and instructions, but not of classes (i.e., the superset ofmethods). That is, the code coverage data may indicate coverage of thecode unit and sub-units of the code unit, but not of constructs largerthan the code unit. However, the testing device may be configured toallow the level of granularity of a code unit to be controlled by auser. That is, a user may be able to select the level of codeabstraction, code aggregation, or code hierarchy represented by a codeunit in order to control the software testing process with moreprecision.

Code coverage data may be determined independently for each softwaretest. That is, each respective software test may be executedindividually to determine the code units and data units that therespective software test invokes. Executing multiple testssimultaneously might not allow for a determination of which one of themultiple tests caused the execution of a given code unit. Thus,independent code coverage data similar to that shown in FIG. 6B may bedetermined for each of tests 602 and 604 (as well as any additionalsoftware tests in a test library). FIG. 6B shows that test 600 does notinvoke code units 610, 612, and 618, but executes code units 606, 608,616, 620, and 622 and the different portions or sub-units thereof to theextents shown in the table.

The code coverage data may additionally indicate the order in which thecode units are invoked. That is, the code coverage data may be used todetermine the control flow of the software product, as shown in FIG. 6A,as well as a task graph as will be discussed with respect to FIGS. 8Aand 8B.

FIG. 6C illustrates example database coverage data that may be generatedbased on execution of software test 600 against software product 630.The database coverage data indicates that test 600 accesses or modifies2% of the data values stored in data unit 614, and does not modify anyof the structures of tables within the database. As with the codecoverage data, the testing device may determine the database coveragedata for each software test individually. That is, additional andseparate database coverage data may be determined for each of softwaretests 602 and 604 (as well as any other tests in the test library) inaddition to the database coverage data shown in FIG. 6C for softwaretest 600. Data units 614, 624, and 626 may be stored in one or moredifferent databases, and the accessing or modification of data thereinin response to a given software test may be represented by the databasecoverage data.

The database coverage data may be determined by comparing a first imageor snapshot of the database taken before execution of a given softwaretest to a second image or snapshot of the database taken after executionof the given software tests. By comparing the first and second images,the testing device may determine which values and table structureswithin the database were modified in response to execution of the givensoftware test. Additionally or alternatively, the database may beconfigured to generate a record of any data usage (i.e., accesses ormodifications), which may take the form of a database usage log file. Insome implementations, accessing or modification of the database may betimestamped. Thus, the record may contain a date and time correspondingto any modifications or accesses that took place. The testing device maythus verify that a given software test used (i.e., accessed or modified)a data unit by comparing an execution time of the software test to atime at which the database or, more specifically, the data unit, hasbeen accessed or modified.

The code coverage data determined for each of tests 600, 602, and 604may be used to determine a first mapping between (i) software tests 600,602, and 604 and (ii) one or more of code units 606-622. FIG. 6Dillustrates an example first mapping. Test 600 is mapped to each of codeunits 606, 608, 616, 620, and 622, as represented by the “X” in thecorresponding cell of the table shown in FIG. 6D. That is, test 600 ismapped to each code unit of software product 630 that is invoked byexecution of test 600. Test 600 is mapped to code units based on thecode coverage data collected for test 600. Similarly, test 602 is mappedto code units 610 and 616, and test 604 is mapped to code units 610,612, and 618. The mappings for test 602 and 604 are similarly based onthe code coverage data collected for these respective tests. Notably,the mapping illustrated in FIG. 6D corresponds to the control flow shownin FIG. 6A.

The first mapping may additionally include various parameters, includingthe code coverage data, associated with execution of a particular codeunit in response to a given software test. For example, the firstmapping may indicate that code unit 610, when executed in response tosoftware test 604, takes 5 seconds to execute, uses 206,032 kilobytes ofmemory, invokes covers 90% of the classes within code unit 610, andinvokes 75% of the instructions within code unit 610, among otherexecution parameters. Each combination of code unit and software testmarked by an “X’ may be associated with similar parameters. As describedin more detail below, these parameters may be used in determining setsof software tests that, as a combination, meet desired executioncriteria.

Similarly, the database coverage data determined for each of tests 600,602, and 604 may be used to determine a second mapping between (i)software tests 600, 602, and 604 and (ii) one or more of data units 614,624, and 626. FIG. 6E illustrates an example second mapping. Test 600 ismapped to data unit 614, as represented by the “X” in the correspondingcell of the table shown in FIG. 6E. That is, test 600 is mapped to eachdata unit that is invoked by test 600 based on the database coveragedata collected for test 600. Similarly, test 602 is mapped to data unit624, and test 604 is mapped to data units 624 and 626. Notably, themapping illustrated in FIG. 6E corresponds to the control flow shown inFIG. 6A.

The second mapping may also include various parameters, including thedatabase coverage data, associated with access or modification of aparticular data unit in response to a given software test. For example,the mapping may indicate that data unit 626, when executed in responseto software test 604, accesses 5 data values, modifies 3 data values,accesses 2 different database table structures, and modifies thestructure of 1 database table, among other execution parameters. Eachcombination of data unit and software test marked by an “X’ may beassociated with similar parameters. As described in more detail below,these parameters may also be used in determining sets of software teststhat, as a combination, meet desired execution criteria.

Notably, if the testing device relied only on the first mapping, thetesting device might not identify the relationship between test 600 andcode unit 620 which is stored in the database (i.e., in data unit 614),rather than as a file in a file system. Code unit 620 may form part ofthe first mapping in spite of being stored in the database because itrepresents executable code (e.g., a script) rather than data. However,in some cases, code units written in a particular programming languagemay be classified as either code or data, depending on programmerpreference or other considerations.

The first and second mappings may be used by the testing device toselect software tests to execute against software product 630 when codeunits or data units of software product 630 are modified. FIG. 7illustrates a change in software product 630 across the softwaredevelopment cycle. A first version (e.g., v 1.4.2.6) of software product630 may be superseded, replaced, or upgraded to a second version (e.g.,v 2.0.0.0) of software product 630. The extent of changes between thefirst version and the second version may vary, ranging from, forexample, modifications of single lines of code to, for example,rewriting of entire code units or restructuring of entire data units.The changes may include additions of new code units or new data units.The changes may be made by any number of programmers at any stage duringthe software development process. Any changes between the first andsecond version may need to be tested to verify that the second versionof software product 630 still operates for its intended purpose.

However, executing all or even a subset of all available software testsagainst the second version of software product 630 may be timeconsuming. For example, executing a large library of software testsagainst software product 630 might take several hours or days, puttingfurther development and refinement of software product 630 on hold untilthe software tests finish running. Additionally, many of the softwaretests might not actually test code units or data units that havechanged, or even test code or data units that interact with the code ordata units that have changed. Running such tests may thus consume timewithout evaluating the effect of changes between the first and secondversions on performance of software product 630.

Accordingly, the testing device may utilize the first and secondmappings to more intelligently select software tests. The testing devicemay compare the first and second versions of software product 630 toidentify code and data units that have been modified or changed betweenthe first and second versions. For example, the testing device mayidentify that code units 610 and 618 as well as data unit 624 havechanged between the first and second versions, as indicated by theseunits having a vertical line pattern in FIG. 7. A change in code units610 and 618 may be identified by comparing the files containing, forexample, the first and second versions of the source code or binary codeof code units 610 and 618. A change in data unit 624 may be identifiedby comparing (i) a database image corresponding to the first version ofsoftware product 630 to (ii) a database image corresponding to thesecond version of software product 630. The testing device may comparetable structures stored in the database or values stored in the tablestructures in the database, among other possibilities.

Additionally, a change in a code unit that is stored in a database(e.g., code unit 620) may be similarly identified by comparing databaseimages corresponding to the first and second versions of softwareproduct 630. Notably, a modification in such a code unit might nototherwise be identifiable without considering the impact of data unitson execution of software tests by determining database coverage data andthe second mapping.

The testing device may use the first and second mappings shown in FIGS.6D and 6E, respectively, to identify a set of software tests that impactthe changed code units 610 and 618 and the changed data unit 624,respectively. This may take place at any point in the software testingprocess such as during, for example, unit testing or integrationtesting. Looking at FIG. 6D, code unit 610 is executed in response toexecution of tests 602 and 604 against software product 630. Similarly,code unit 618 is executed in response to execution of test 604 againstsoftware product 630. Looking at FIG. 6E, data unit 624 is accessed ormodified in response to execution of tests 602 and 604 against softwareproduct 630. Changes to code units 610 and 618 and data unit 624 canthus be evaluated by execution of software tests 602 and 604, but nottest 600.

Accordingly, the testing device may determine, for each changed codeunit, using the first mapping, software tests that cause the changedcode unit to be executed. Similarly, the testing device may determine,for each changed data unit, using the second mapping, software teststhat cause the changed data unit to be accessed or modified. The testingdevice may then determine a set of software tests to execute against thesecond version of software product 630 by taking the union of thesoftware tests that cause the changed code units to be executed and thesoftware tests that cause the changed data units to be accessed ormodified.

Accordingly, a small extent of changes to code units or data units ofsoftware product 630 may be tested by running, for example, only 5% ofavailable software tests, rather than running 100% the software tests,thus saving time and freeing up computational resources for other tasks.

In some implementations, the first and second mappings may be usedindependently of one another. That is, in some cases, the first mappingmay be used to identify a set of software tests to test a change insoftware product 630 without also using the second mapping, and viceversa. Additionally, regardless of how the software tests are selectedto test a given change in code or data, any software tests identifiedmultiple times might be executed only once to avoid redundant executionsof the same test.

In some implementations, the first and second mappings, rather thanbeing expressed as a table, as shown in FIGS. 6D and 6E, may beexpressed as a task graph, as illustrated in FIG. 8A. The task graphmay, in addition to illustrating the mappings, indicate dependenciesbetween the code and data units that make up software product 630.Specifically, the first and second mappings, as well as the codecoverage and database coverage data, may be used by the testing deviceto determine dependencies between software tests 600-604, code units606-622, and data units 614-626. The dependencies may indicate an orderin which code units 606-622 are executed and data units 614-626 areaccessed or modified in response to execution of tests 600-604 againstsoftware product 630. For example, code units 608 and 610 are eachdependent on code unit 616 because each of them calls code unit 616during execution. Notably, the dependencies shown in FIG. 8A are theinverse of the software control flow illustrated in FIG. 6A.

The task graph illustrated in FIG. 8A may, like the mappings shown inFIGS. 6D and 6E, be used to identify software tests that will evaluateany changed code or data units of software product 630. FIG. 8Billustrates code units 610 and 618 and data unit 624 that have beenchanged between the first and second versions of software product 630,as shown in FIG. 7. Tests invoking changed code or data units may beidentified by traversing the task graph downwards from the changed codeor data unit to the corresponding software tests at the bottom of thegraph. Notably, each downward traversal along the task graph shouldfollow the lines of a single pattern. For example, a first traversalfrom data unit 624 should follow the dashed line to code unit 616, codeunit 610, and test 602, thus identifying test 602 as a test that invokesaccessing or modification of data unit 624. Similarly, a secondtraversal from data unit 624 should follow the dotted line to code unit618, along a first branch through code unit 610 to test 604, and along asecond branch through code unit 612 to test 604, thus identifying test604 as another test that invokes accessing or modification of data unit624.

However, in addition to selecting the set of software tests to evaluateparticular code and data changes, the dependencies expressed by the taskgraph of FIGS. 8A and 8B may also be used to more accurately and quicklyidentify the cause or source of errors in the code or data units thatare executed by a particular software test. Notably, the task graph maybe used to identify the proximity of (i) unmodified code and data units(indicated with a heavy outline) executed by the software tests to (ii)code or data units that have been modified (indicated with a verticalline pattern). Since the code and data units of a software product oftencoordinate with one another to produce the desired functionality,changes to certain code or data units may reveal preexisting errors inunmodified code or data units. Unmodified code or data units that areclosest to a given modified code or data unit may be more likely to bethe cause of an error than code or data units further away from themodified code or data unit.

The testing device may thus be configured to, in response to softwareproduct 630 failing or underperforming on a software test, determine ahierarchy of potential sources of error causing the failure orunderperformance. For example, when software test 600 fails, andassuming only code unit 622 has been modified, the hierarchy ofpotential sources of error may include code unit 622, code unit 616, andcode unit 608, ordered from highest to lowest probability of being thecause of the error.

Additionally, the dependencies expressed by the task graph of FIGS. 8Aand 8B may be used to determine an order in which the software tests areexecuted. For example, the task graph may be used to identifycombinations of parallelizable tests. Two or more software tests may beparallelizable when they use mutually exclusive data units or utilizecomplimentary amounts of computing resources (e.g., memory resources,processing resources), among other factors. Usage of a complementaryamount of resources by two software tests may involve, for example,usage of 40% of the computing resources by one of the tests and usage of50% of the computing resources by the other software test (with 10% ofthe resources remaining unused). On the other hand, two software testswhose combined usage of computing resources would be greater than 100%of the available resources would not be considered complimentary. Thus,a group of software tests utilize a complimentary amount of computingresources when their total usage or computational resources is near(e.g., within 10% or 20% of) 100% of the available computing resources.

For example, software tests 602 and 604 each use data unit 624. Tests602 might erroneously modify data unit 624. When both tests are executedsimultaneously, test 604 may subsequently utilize the erroneouslymodified data unit 624 before it could be reset or corrected, resultingin apparent failure of test 604, where in fact it was execution of test602 that caused the failure. Such a problem may be avoided by schedulingtests 602 and 604 to be executed sequentially and by resetting data unit624 to a predetermined state therebetween.

In another example, execution of tests 602 and 604, or specific code ordata units thereof, may utilize large amounts of memory, while executionof test 600, or specific code or data units thereof, may utilize asmaller amount of memory. Tests 600, 602, and 604 may thus be scheduledsuch that a test (or a code or data unit thereof) that utilizes a largeamount of memory (e.g., test 602) runs in parallel with a test (or acode or data unit thereof) that utilizes a small amount of memory (e.g.,test 600), thereby allowing the tests to be efficiently parallelized.Tests that use large and small amounts of processing resources (e.g.,processor cores) may be similarly scheduled such that tests (or code ordata units thereof) that utilize a large amount of processing resourcesare scheduled in parallel with tests (or code or data units thereof)that utilize a small amount of processing resources.

To that end, the testing device may rely on the parameters associatedwith each pair of code unit and software test marked with an “X,” asshown in FIG. 6D, or each pair of data unit and software test markedwith an “X,” as shown in FIG. 6E, when scheduling software test. Thetesting device may additionally use these parameters, as well as thecode coverage data and database coverage data shown in FIGS. 6B and 6C,when selecting the set of software tests to be executed. Namely, asoftware developer may desire that a set of tests evaluate at least athreshold fraction of the changed code or data and that the set of testsexecute in under a threshold amount of time. That is, the softwaredeveloper may wish to balance thoroughness of testing against testingtime, among other criteria. The testing device may therefore beconfigured to receive input data indicating various testing criteriasuch as, for example, maximum execution time and minimum coverage of themodified code or data. The testing device may be configured to determinea set of software tests that satisfies the various testing criteriabased on the first and second mappings, the code coverage data, thedatabase coverage data, and the task graph, among other factors.

In some cases, software product 630 may be modified by the addition ofcode units or data units that have not yet been mapped. In such cases,the first and second mappings may be (statically) updated by parsing theadded code or data units as well as any mapped code or data units toidentify how the added code or data units fit into the software controlflow. Alternatively or additionally, the first and second mappings maybe (dynamically) updated by re-executing the plurality of software testsagainst software product 630 to determine an updated first mapping andan updated second mapping that accounts for the added code or dataunits.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example arrangement that may be used to carry outthe software testing operations described herein. Testing device 900 maystore thereon a plurality of software tests 902. Testing device 900 maybe communicatively connected with computing device 908, which may storethereon software product 910. Software product 910 may include aplurality of different versions representing modifications to code anddata made by one or more different programmers over the course ofdevelopment of software product 910. Computing device 908 may storethereon a most recent version of software product 910. Other (e.g.,older) versions of software product 910 may be stored on anothercomputing device communicatively connected to computing device 908and/or testing device 900. The other computing device may implement aversion control system, allowing for changes in software product 910 tobe tracked over time and for software product 910 to be restored or“rolled-back” to an earlier version (e.g., a more stable version withoutdefects).

First version 912 of software product 910 may include code units 914 anddata units 916. Second version 918 of software product 910 may includemodified code units 920 and/or modified data units 922. Second version918 of software product 910 is shown in solid lines, while first version912 of software product 910 is shown in dashed lines, to indicate thatsecond version 918 is currently stored and executable on computingdevice 908, while first version 912 was stored on computing device 908at an earlier time. That is, first version 912 has been replaced bysecond version 918, although first version 912 may still be availablevia the version control system.

Before second version 918 is available (i.e., while first version 912 isstored on computing device 908), testing device 900 may execute softwaretests 902 against computing device 908 and first version 912 of softwareproduct 910 to gather code coverage data and database coverage data.Executing software tests 902 may involve transmitting a plurality ofinputs from software tests 902 on testing device 900 to first version912 of software product 910 on computing device 908 to simulate usage ofsoftware product 910. In the case of a web-based application, forexample, such testing may simulate varying loads and types of traffic tosoftware product 910. In response, computing device 908 may transmit totesting device 900 corresponding output data as well as provide (e.g.,store and/or transmit) code coverage data and database coverage datadescribing the extent of execution of code units 914 and data units 916.

Based on the code and database coverage data, testing device 900 maydetermine first mapping 904, representing a mapping between softwaretests 902 and code units 914, and second mapping 906, representing amapping between software tests 902 and data units 916. When secondversion 918 of software product 910 becomes available (e.g., aprogrammer provides an updated version of a code unit or data unit),first version 910 on computing device 908 may be replaced by secondversion 918. Code units 920 and data units 922 may be compared to codeunits 914 and data units 916, respectively, to identify differencestherebetween. Based on the differences, a subset of software tests 902may be identified to test the code units and data units that areaffected or are likely to be affected by the differences between firstversion 912 and second version 918. The identified subset of softwaretests may be executed against second version 918 of software product 910to evaluate whether software product 910 still operates correctly afterimplementation of the changes.

In some implementations, testing device 900 and computing device 908 mayrepresent two separate computing devices disposed at different physicallocations. For example, testing device 900 may be disposed within remotenetwork management platform 320 while computing device 908 is disposedwithin managed network 300, or vice versa. Alternatively, testing device900 and computing device 908 may be two different but co-locatedcomputing devices. For example, testing device 900 may be a firstcomputational instance within remote network management platform andcomputing device 908 may be another computational instance within remotenetwork management platform 320. In yet other implementations, testingdevice 900 and computing device 908 may represent the same computingdevice. That is, all of the operations herein described may be performedon a single computing device configured to execute the software productand the software tests.

VI. EXAMPLE OPERATIONS

FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating an example embodiment. The processillustrated by FIG. 10 may be carried out by a computing device, such ascomputing device 100 or testing device 900, and/or a cluster ofcomputing devices, such as server cluster 200. However, the process canbe carried out by other types of devices or device subsystems. Forexample, the process could be carried out by a portable computer, suchas a laptop or a tablet device.

The embodiments of FIG. 10 may be simplified by the removal of any oneor more of the features shown therein. Further, these embodiments may becombined with features, aspects, and/or implementations of any of theprevious figures or otherwise described herein.

Block 1000 may involve executing, by a testing device, a plurality ofsoftware tests on a first version of a software product. The softwareproduct may include a plurality of code units and may access a database.

Block 1002 may involve determining, by the testing device, a firstmapping between each respective software test of the plurality ofsoftware tests and one or more of the code units executed by therespective software test.

Block 1004 may involve determining, by the testing device, a secondmapping between each respective software test of the plurality ofsoftware tests and one or more data units in the database used by therespective software test.

Block 1006 may involve determining, by the testing device, that, betweena second version of the software product and the first version of thesoftware product, a particular code unit and a particular data unit havechanged.

Block 1008 may involve based on the particular code unit and theparticular data unit having changed, selecting, by the testing device,from the first mapping and the second mapping, a set of software testsfrom the plurality of software tests with mappings to the particularcode unit or the particular data unit.

Block 1010 may involve executing, by the testing device, the set ofsoftware tests on the second version of the software product.

In some embodiments, the set of software tests may be selected from oneof the first mapping or the second mapping. That is, code coverage dataand database coverage data may each be used independently to select theset of software tests. For example, the set of tests may be selectedfrom the first mapping, without using the second mapping, or vice versa.

In some embodiments, the one or more data units in the database used bythe respective software test may be data values stored in the database.

In some embodiments, the one or more data units in the database used bythe respective software test may be table structures stored in thedatabase.

In some embodiments, a computing device may be configured to operate thesoftware product. The testing device may be communicatively connected tothe computing device and configured to execute the plurality of softwaretests against the computing device.

In some embodiments, determining the first mapping may involvedetermining, based on executing the plurality of software tests on thesoftware product, code coverage data indicating execution of the one ormore of the code units by the respective software test.

In some embodiments, determining the code coverage data may involvedetermining, for each respective code unit of the one or more of thecode units, a fraction of the respective code unit executed by therespective software test and determining an execution time of therespective code unit.

In some embodiments, selecting the set of software tests may involve,based on (i) the fraction of the respective code unit executed by therespective software test and (ii) the execution time of the respectivecode unit, determining a combination of software tests of the pluralityof software tests that covers at least a threshold fraction of thesoftware product in under a threshold amount of time.

In some embodiments, determining the first mapping may involvedetermining a dependency indicating an order in which the one or more ofthe code units are executed by the respective software test.

In some embodiments, the dependency may also indicate an additionalorder in which at least a portion of the one or more of the code unitsare retrieved from the database when executing the respective softwaretest.

In some embodiments, selecting the set of software tests may involve,based on the determined dependency, identifying combinations ofparallelizable software tests from the plurality of software tests.

In some embodiments, determining the second mapping by may involvedetermining a first snapshot of the database before executing therespective software test on the software product, determining a secondsnapshot of the database after executing the respective software test onthe software product, and comparing the first snapshot to the secondsnapshot to identify the one or more data units in the database thathave been modified by the respective software test.

In some embodiments, determining the second mapping may involvedetermining a time of a last update to the database, determining whetherthe time of the last update is within a time of execution of therespective software test, and when the time of the last update is withinthe time of execution of the respective software test, determining thatthe respective test modified the one or more data units in the database.

In some embodiments, determining the second mapping may involvedetermining a dependency indicating an order in which the one or more ofthe data units in the database are used by the respective software test.

In some embodiments, the dependency may also indicate an additionalorder in which at least a portion of the one or more of the data unitsin the database are used by the one or more of the code units whenexecuting the respective software test.

In some embodiments, selecting the set of software tests by may involve,based on the determined dependency, identifying combinations ofparallelizable software tests from the plurality of software tests.Modifications of the one or more data units in the database by thecombinations of parallelizable software tests may be mutually exclusive.

In some embodiments, a system may involve means for executing aplurality of software tests on a first version of a software product.The software product may include a plurality of code units and mayaccess a database. The system may also include means for determining afirst mapping between each respective software test of the plurality ofsoftware tests and one or more of the code units executed by therespective software test. The system may additionally include means fordetermining a second mapping between each respective software test ofthe plurality of software tests and one or more data units in thedatabase used by the respective software test. The system may yetadditionally include means for determining that, between a secondversion of the software product and the first version of the softwareproduct, a particular code unit and a particular data unit have changed.The system may further include means for, based on the particular codeunit and the particular data unit having changed, selecting, by thetesting device, from the first mapping and the second mapping, a set ofsoftware tests from the plurality of software tests with mappings to theparticular code unit or the particular data unit. The system may yetfurther include means for executing the set of software tests on thesecond version of the software product.

VII. CONCLUSION

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particularembodiments described in this application, which are intended asillustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations canbe made without departing from its scope, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuseswithin the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those describedherein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoingdescriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

The above detailed description describes various features and operationsof the disclosed systems, devices, and methods with reference to theaccompanying figures. The example embodiments described herein and inthe figures are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments can beutilized, and other changes can be made, without departing from thescope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readilyunderstood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generallydescribed herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged,substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety ofdifferent configurations.

With respect to any or all of the message flow diagrams, scenarios, andflow charts in the figures and as discussed herein, each step, block,and/or communication can represent a processing of information and/or atransmission of information in accordance with example embodiments.Alternative embodiments are included within the scope of these exampleembodiments. In these alternative embodiments, for example, operationsdescribed as steps, blocks, transmissions, communications, requests,responses, and/or messages can be executed out of order from that shownor discussed, including substantially concurrently or in reverse order,depending on the functionality involved. Further, more or fewer blocksand/or operations can be used with any of the message flow diagrams,scenarios, and flow charts discussed herein, and these message flowdiagrams, scenarios, and flow charts can be combined with one another,in part or in whole.

A step or block that represents a processing of information cancorrespond to circuitry that can be configured to perform the specificlogical functions of a herein-described method or technique.Alternatively or additionally, a step or block that represents aprocessing of information can correspond to a module, a segment, or aportion of program code (including related data). The program code caninclude one or more instructions executable by a processor forimplementing specific logical operations or actions in the method ortechnique. The program code and/or related data can be stored on anytype of computer readable medium such as a storage device including RAM,a disk drive, a solid state drive, or another storage medium.

The computer readable medium can also include non-transitory computerreadable media such as computer readable media that store data for shortperiods of time like register memory and processor cache. The computerreadable media can further include non-transitory computer readablemedia that store program code and/or data for longer periods of time.Thus, the computer readable media may include secondary or persistentlong term storage, like ROM, optical or magnetic disks, solid statedrives, compact-disc read only memory (CD-ROM), for example. Thecomputer readable media can also be any other volatile or non-volatilestorage systems. A computer readable medium can be considered a computerreadable storage medium, for example, or a tangible storage device.

Moreover, a step or block that represents one or more informationtransmissions can correspond to information transmissions betweensoftware and/or hardware modules in the same physical device. However,other information transmissions can be between software modules and/orhardware modules in different physical devices.

The particular arrangements shown in the figures should not be viewed aslimiting. It should be understood that other embodiments can includemore or less of each element shown in a given figure. Further, some ofthe illustrated elements can be combined or omitted. Yet further, anexample embodiment can include elements that are not illustrated in thefigures.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, otheraspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art.The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purpose ofillustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scopebeing indicated by the following claims.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A system, comprising: a processor; and a memory,accessible by the processor, the memory storing instructions, that whenexecuted by the processor, cause the processor to perform operationscomprising: determining respective mappings between a plurality ofsoftware tests executed against a software product to debug the softwareproduct and a plurality of code units of the software product and aplurality of data units used by the software product in one or moredatabases; generating a task graph based on the respective mappings,wherein the task graph comprises one or more dependencies between theplurality of software tests, the plurality of code units, and theplurality of data units; determining a hierarchy of potential errorsources in the software product based on the task graph, wherein thehierarchy of potential error sources comprise one or more code units ofthe plurality of code units, one or more data units of the plurality ofdata units, or both; and transmitting a graphical representation of thehierarchy of potential error sources to one or more computing devicesfor display.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the software producthas been modified from a first version of the software product to asecond version of the software product.
 23. The system of claim 22,wherein determining the hierarchy of potential error sources comprisesidentifying respective proximities of one or more unmodified code unitsof the second version of the software product, or one or more unmodifieddata units used by the second version of the software product, or both,to one or more modified code units of the second version of the softwareproduct, one or more modified data units used by the second version ofthe software product, or both.
 24. The system of claim 22, wherein ahighest potential error source of the hierarchy of potential errorsources comprises one or more unmodified code units of the secondversion of the software product, or one or more unmodified data unitsused by the second version of the software product, or both, closest toone or more modified code units of the second version of the softwareproduct, one or more modified data units used by the second version ofthe software product, or both.
 25. The system of claim 21, wherein theone or more dependencies are indicative of respective orders in whichthe plurality of code units are executed and the plurality of data unitsare accessed or modified in response to execution of the plurality ofsoftware tests.
 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the task graphcomprises a graphical representation of the mapping, and wherein theoperations comprise transmitting the task graph to the one or morecomputing devices for display.
 27. The system of claim 21, wherein themapping comprises a first mapping between the plurality of softwaretests and the plurality of code units, and a second mapping between theplurality of software tests and the plurality of data units.
 28. Thesystem of claim 21, wherein the plurality of data units comprise one ormore table structures in the one or more databases that organize data inthe one or more databases, or the data in the one or more databases isorganized by the one or more table structures, or both.
 29. A method,comprising: determining, via one or more processors, respective mappingsbetween a plurality of software tests executed against a softwareproduct to debug the software product and a plurality of code units ofthe software product and a plurality of data units used by the softwareproduct in one or more databases; generating, via the one or moreprocessors, a task graph based on the respective mappings, wherein thetask graph comprises a graphical representation of the mapping and oneor more dependencies between the plurality of software tests, theplurality of code units, and the plurality of data units, and the one ormore dependencies are indicative of respective orders in which theplurality of code units are executed and the plurality of data units areaccessed or modified in response to execution of the plurality ofsoftware tests; determining, via the one or more processors, a hierarchyof potential error sources in the software product based on the taskgraph, wherein the hierarchy of potential error sources comprise one ormore code units of the plurality of code units, one or more data unitsof the plurality of data units, or both; and transmitting, via the oneor more processors to the one or more computing devices, a graphicalrepresentation of the hierarchy of potential error sources.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the software product has been modified froma first version of the software product to a second version of thesoftware product.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein determining thehierarchy of potential error sources comprises identifying respectiveproximities of one or more unmodified code units of the second versionof the software product, or one or more unmodified data units used bythe second version of the software product, or both, to one or moremodified code units of the second version of the software product, oneor more modified data units used by the second version of the softwareproduct, or both.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein a highestpotential error source of the hierarchy of potential error sourcescomprises one or more unmodified code units of the second version of thesoftware product, or one or more unmodified data units used by thesecond version of the software product, or both, closest to one or moremodified code units of the second version of the software product, oneor more modified data units used by the second version of the softwareproduct, or both.
 33. The method of claim 29, comprising transmitting,via the one or more processors, the task graph to the one or morecomputing devices for display.
 34. The method of claim 29, wherein themapping comprises a first mapping between the plurality of softwaretests and the plurality of code units, and a second mapping between theplurality of software tests and the plurality of data units.
 35. Anon-transitory, computer-readable medium, comprising instructions thatwhen executed by one or more processors, cause the one or moreprocessors to perform operations comprising: determining respectivemappings between a plurality of software tests executed against asoftware product to debug the software product and a plurality of codeunits of the software product and a plurality of data units used by thesoftware product in one or more databases; generating a task graph basedon the respective mappings, wherein the task graph comprises one or moredependencies between the plurality of software tests, the plurality ofcode units, and the plurality of data units; determining a hierarchy ofpotential error sources in the software product based on the task graph,wherein the hierarchy of potential error sources comprise one or morecode units of the plurality of code units, one or more data units of theplurality of data units, or both; and transmitting a graphicalrepresentation of the hierarchy of potential error sources to one ormore computing devices for display.
 36. The non-transitory,computer-readable medium of claim 35, wherein the operations comprisemodifying the software product from a first version of the softwareproduct to a second version of the software product.
 37. Thenon-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 36, wherein theoperations comprise selecting a set of software tests from the pluralityof software tests with respective mappings to a particular code unit ofthe plurality of code units that changed, or a particular data unit ofthe plurality of data units that changed, or both, as a result of thesoftware product being modified from the first version to the secondversion.
 38. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 37,wherein the operations comprise executing the set of software testsagainst the second version of the software product.
 39. Thenon-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 38, wherein the set ofsoftware tests comprise one or more combinations of parallelizablesoftware tests.
 40. The non-transitory, computer-readable medium ofclaim 35, wherein the one or more dependencies are indicative ofrespective orders in which the plurality of code units are executed andthe plurality of data units are accessed or modified in response toexecution of the plurality of software tests.